Generate self-signed certificates

If you build Container Linux cluster on top of public networks it is recommended to enable encryption for Container Linux services to prevent traffic interception and man-in-the-middle attacks. For these purposes you have to use Certificate Authority (CA), private keys and certificates signed by CA. Let’s use cfssl and walk through the whole process to create all these components.

NOTE: We will use basic procedure here. If your configuration requires advanced security options, please refer to official cfssl documentation.

Download cfssl

CloudFlare’s distributes cfssl source code on github page and binaries on cfssl website .

Our documentation assumes that you will run cfssl on your local x86_64 Linux host.

1
2
3
4
5

mkdir ~/bin
curl -s -L -o ~/bin/cfssl https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64
curl -s -L -o ~/bin/cfssljson https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64
chmod +x ~/bin/{cfssl,cfssljson}
export PATH=$PATH:~/bin

Initialize a certificate authority

First of all we have to save default cfssl options for future substitutions:

mkdir ~/cfssl
cd ~/cfssl
cfssl print-defaults config > ca-config.json
cfssl print-defaults csr > ca-csr.json

Certificate types which are used inside Container Linux

  • client certificate : server-client 模式下，用于客户端侧使用。 例如 etcdctl, etcd proxy, or docker clients.
  • server certificate : server-client 模式下，用于服务端侧使用。 例如 docker server or kube-apiserver.
  • peer certificate : 用于 etcd 集群节点成员之间通信使用。

Configure CA options

Now we can configure signing options inside ca-config.json config file. Default options contain following preconfigured fields:

  • profiles: www with server auth (TLS Web Server Authentication) X509 V3 extension and client with client auth (TLS Web Client Authentication) X509 V3 extension.
  • expiry: with 8760h default value (or 365 days)

For compliance let’s rename www profile into server, create additional peer profile with both server auth and client auth extensions, and set expiry to 43800h (5 years):

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

{
    "signing": {
        "default": {
            "expiry": "43800h"
        },
        "profiles": {
            "server": {
                "expiry": "43800h",
                "usages": [
                    "signing",
                    "key encipherment",
                    "server auth"
                ]
            },
            "client": {
                "expiry": "43800h",
                "usages": [
                    "signing",
                    "key encipherment",
                    "client auth"
                ]
            },
            "peer": {
                "expiry": "43800h",
                "usages": [
                    "signing",
                    "key encipherment",
                    "server auth",
                    "client auth"
                ]
            }
        }
    }
}

You can also modify ca-csr.json Certificate Signing Request (CSR):

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

{
    "CN": "My own CA",
    "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
    },
    "names": [
        {
            "C": "US",
            "L": "CA",
            "O": "My Company Name",
            "ST": "San Francisco",
            "OU": "Org Unit 1",
            "OU": "Org Unit 2"
        }
    ]
}

And generate CA with defined options:

1

cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca -

You’ll get following files:

ca-key.pem
ca.csr
ca.pem
  • Please keep ca-key.pem file in safe. This key allows to create any kind of certificates within your CA.
  • *.csr files are not used in our example.

Generate server certificate

cfssl print-defaults csr > server.json

Most important values for server certificate are Common Name (CN) and hosts. We have to substitute them, for example:

...
    "CN": "coreos1",
    "hosts": [
        "192.168.122.68",
        "ext.example.com",
        "coreos1.local",
        "coreos1"
    ],
...

Now we are ready to generate server certificate and private key:

1

cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=server server.json | cfssljson -bare server

Or without CSR json file:

1

echo '{"CN":"coreos1","hosts":[""],"key":{"algo":"rsa","size":2048}}' | cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=server -hostname="192.168.122.68,ext.example.com,coreos1.local,coreos1" - | cfssljson -bare server

You’ll get following files:

server-key.pem
server.csr
server.pem

Generate peer certificate

cfssl print-defaults csr > member1.json

Substitute CN and hosts values, for example:

...
    "CN": "member1",
    "hosts": [
        "192.168.122.101",
        "ext.example.com",
        "member1.local",
        "member1"
    ],
...

Now we are ready to generate member1 certificate and private key:

1

cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=peer member1.json | cfssljson -bare member1

Or without CSR json file:

1

echo '{"CN":"member1","hosts":[""],"key":{"algo":"rsa","size":2048}}' | cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=peer -hostname="192.168.122.101,ext.example.com,member1.local,member1" - | cfssljson -bare member1

You’ll get following files:

member1-key.pem
member1.csr
member1.pem

Repeat these steps for each etcd member hostname.

Generate client certificate

cfssl print-defaults csr > client.json

For client certificate we can ignore hosts values and set only Common Name (CN) to client value:

...
    "CN": "client",
    "hosts": [""],
...

Generate client certificate:

1

cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=client client.json | cfssljson -bare client

Or without CSR json file:

1

echo '{"CN":"client","hosts":[""],"key":{"algo":"rsa","size":2048}}' | cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=client - | cfssljson -bare client

You’ll get following files:

client-key.pem
client.csr
client.pem

TLDR

Download binaries

1
2
3
4
5

mkdir ~/bin
curl -s -L -o ~/bin/cfssl https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64
curl -s -L -o ~/bin/cfssljson https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64
chmod +x ~/bin/{cfssl,cfssljson}
export PATH=$PATH:~/bin

Create directory to store certificates:

1
2

mkdir ~/cfssl
cd ~/cfssl

Generate CA and certificates

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

echo '{"CN":"CA","key":{"algo":"rsa","size":2048}}' | cfssl gencert -initca - | cfssljson -bare ca -
echo '{"signing":{"default":{"expiry":"43800h","usages":["signing","key encipherment","server auth","client auth"]}}}' > ca-config.json
export ADDRESS=192.168.122.68,ext1.example.com,coreos1.local,coreos1
export NAME=server
echo '{"CN":"'$NAME'","hosts":[""],"key":{"algo":"rsa","size":2048}}' | cfssl gencert -config=ca-config.json -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -hostname="$ADDRESS" - | cfssljson -bare $NAME
export ADDRESS=
export NAME=client
echo '{"CN":"'$NAME'","hosts":[""],"key":{"algo":"rsa","size":2048}}' | cfssl gencert -config=ca-config.json -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -hostname="$ADDRESS" - | cfssljson -bare $NAME

Verify data

1
2
3

openssl x509 -in ca.pem -text -noout
openssl x509 -in server.pem -text -noout
openssl x509 -in client.pem -text -noout

Things to know

  • Don’t put your ca-key.pem into a Container Linux Config, it is recommended to store it in safe place. This key allows to generate as much certificates as possible.
  • Keep key files in safe. Don’t forget to set proper file permissions, i.e. chmod 0600 server-key.pem.
  • Certificates in this TLDR example have both server auth and client auth X509 V3 extensions and you can use them with servers and clients’ authentication.
  • You are free to generate keys and certificates for wildcard * address as well. They will work on any machine. It will simplify certificates routine but increase security risks.

More information

For another examples, check out these documents:

Custom Certificate Authorities etcd Security Model